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The second lecture of College English
Hi, everyone! Are you satisfied with the first lecture? Today we’ll continue to learn unit one.
Ⅰ.Review something in lecture one:
A. Useful phrases:
1.disagree with …(2段1行); 2.hundreds of(2段3行); 3. be different from…(3段1行); 4. succeed in sth…(3段3行); 5. as much as you can(4段2行); 6. practice doing sth(4段2行); 7. try to do…(4段4行); 8. similar in sth…(5段2行); 9. first of all(6段1行); 10. depend on(6段2行); 11. instead of sth/doing sth(6段3行); 12. wait sb to do…(6段3行); 13. learn from sth/sb(6段7行); 14. make a mistake(7段4行); 15. be afraid to do(7段5行); 16. be willing to do…(7段6行); 17. be interested in sth(8段2行); 18. in order to(8段4行); 19. communicate with sb(8段4行); 20. on the other hand(9段3行); 21. might do well to do sth(9段4行)
B. Some important words:
1.successful; 2. disagree; 3.statement; 4. guarantee; 5. intelligent; 6. conversely; 7. similar; 8. independent; 9. conclusion; 10. communicate; communication; 11. purpose, purposefully; 12. regularly; 13. technique; 14. outline.
C. Key to part exercises: (from page 8 to 12)
一、课文练习：
Ⅰ.d, a, c, d, d;
Ⅱ. 1.task; 2.intelligent; 3.tudy; 4.clue; 5.conclusion; 6.repeat; 7.communication; 8.purpose; 9.probably; 10.outline
Ⅲ. 1. Instead of; 2.therefore; 3. more…than; 4.even; 5.first of all; 6.because; 7.on the other hand; 8.finally; 9.looking for; 10.conversely
Ⅳ.1.见课文；
2. Language learning is active learning. Learners should take advantage of every chance to use the language.
3. Language learning should be active, independent and purposeful.
4.见一讲作业。
5. The teachers often pass on their successful experience in language learning to us.
二、词汇练习：
Ⅰ.1.2.4.见一讲词汇讲解部分； 3. cover: v 覆盖； uncover: v 揭开，为cover的反义词；discover: v 发现，同义词：find, 习题答案为：covered; uncover; discovered
Ⅱ.1.inexact; 2.technique; 3.outlined; 4.communicate; 5.regularly; 6.clue; 7.intelligent; 8.incomplter; 9.similar; 10.statement
Ⅲ.1.disagree; 2.independent; 3.incomplete; 4.inexact; 5.uncover/discover
Ⅳ.1,3,4,见一讲作业3,4,5题。2见课文 5. We should learn something new independently, actively and purposefully.
Ⅱ. Text B:要求作一般了解，属阅读理解课文，对于text B的文章来说，虽然较A篇稍长，但难度稍低，检测阅读结果的标准是能够独立地完成课后的习题。
A. Some new words:
1.instance: a single fact, event, example.例子、实例，
常用短语for instance，例如。
2.waiter: a person who serves food at the tables in a restaurant(男性)，
waitress女服务员、女招待
3.traveler: a person who goes from place to place, esp. to a far away place
travel: v 旅游
4.primitive: adj 原始的：of the earliest times of life or of man
5.exact 反义词inexact
6.consist; v 短语： consist of 组成
e.g. My class consists of 20 students.
7.simply: adv, simple adj 简单的
B. Some language points:
1.not only…but also…不但…而且，并列连词。(连接两个并列成分)
e.g.⑴ I hope to be not only your teacher, but also your good friend.
⑵ …, we can do it not only with the help of words, but also in many other ways.
2.neither…nor:既不…也不，并列连词，连接两个并列成分。
e.g. ⑴ Autumn is a good season. It’s neither hot nor cold.
⑵ people who can neither hear nor speak talk to each other with the help of their fingers.
3.He entered a restaurant and sat at a table.(坐在桌旁)
4.in this way:介词短语，用这种方法
e.g. I learn English by myself. In this way, I have finally got the diploma of English major.
5. The Englishman who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty looked very sad.
a.本句包含有一个定语从句，who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty修饰先行词The Englishman。
b.短语：by this time到此时为止； not at all根本不…
6. Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words.
译：语言是由声音组成的，但具有一定意义的声音并不都是话语。
短语：consist of,
句子结构中包含有一个定语从句。
Key to the part exercises:
page 16: T, F, T, F, T, F, F, F, T, F.
Unit 2
Text A: Taxes, Taxes, and More Taxes
Main idea about the text: we know that the taxes in the United States are the highest in the world. Almost everyone need pay taxes on many things. There are three levels of government in the United States, so there are three types of taxes; they are for the federal government, state government, and city government. Even some Americans think that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes.
A. New words:
1.tax: n 税；vt 对…征税
a. Every citizen has the right to pay tax to our country.
b. My income is taxed at source. (我的收入已扣除了所得税。)
2.generally: adv 一般地、通常，同义词：usually, 常用语：generally speaking,
general adj
3.type: n 类型、种类；v 打字
a. What type of tea do you prefer? Green tea.
b. She typed the letter quickly and well.
4.salary: n 工资，salaried: adj 拿工资的
5.earn: v 挣钱、赚钱，earnings n 赚得的钱
6.percentage: n 百分比、百分率； percent n 前用数词(*)
a. More than ten percent of the students didn’t come today.
b. A large percentage of schoolbooks now have pictures.
c. I am a hundred percent sure that he will come.
7.vary: v 变化、改变； varied adj 有变化的、多样的(*)
a. Holiday jobs are many and varied.
b. people vary very much in their ideas of many things.(注意介词in的用法)
c. prices of fruit vary from season to season.
8.sale: n 出售，sell v 出售
9.charge: v 收费、控告
a. How much do you charge for repairing my shoes?
b. He was charged with the guilty of murder.
10.addition: n 加法、附加物； add v 增加； additional adj 额外的、增加的(*)
a. She always adds sugar to her tea.
b. He earned 1000 dollars in addition to his salary.
c. We will need additional help to do the work.
11. confuse: v 使混乱、混淆；confused, confusing adj; confusion n (*)
a. If you try to learn too many things at a time, you may get confused.
b. This is a confusing word because it has two meanings.
c. Do you think this will cause much confusion?
d. They confused me by asking so many questions.
11.complain: v 抱怨，常跟介词of, about. complaint: n 抱怨、投诉（*）
a. Students always complain about too much homework.
b. She complained that the exam was too hard.
c. He used to complain bitterly of his bad memory. (诉说有病)
d. There is no reason for complaint.
12.useless: adj 无用的，反义词 useful; careful→careless; helpful→helpless; hopeful→hopeless etc.
13.impractical: adj 不切实际的，反义词 practical; practice v 实践、实际
14.program: n 计划、节目、程序；v 编程序
15.tend: v 易于、倾向于， tendency n 趋势、倾向
a. people tend to get fat as they grow older.
b. prices continue to show an upward tendency. (物价呈持续上升趋势。)
B. Intensive reading:
1.Americans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes.(*)
译：美国人常说，一个人一生中只有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和纳税。
分析：主语：Americans；谓语：say；that引导一个宾语从句，还包含有一个省略了关联代词的定语从句，a person can be sure in life修饰two things.
当先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，常可省略。
e.g. 1>. The watch that/which/省略 I found in the library is his.（why?）
2>. The girl who/whom/that/省略 you met at the party is my sister.
请试着翻译句子：
1你一直在找的那个人来了。
2昨天我妈给我的钱已经被偷走了。
Answer:
1.The man who/whom/that/省略 you have been looking for has come.
2.The money that/which/省略 my mother gave me yesterday was stolen.
短语；be sure of:对…确信、确定
e.g. We can be sure of his honesty.
2. Americans don’t have a corner on the death market, but many people feel that the United States leads the world with the worst taxes.(*)
译：美国人并不垄断“死亡”市场，但很多人感到美国却以最重的赋税在世界上名列前茅。
短语：have a corner on something:垄断…; lead with因…领先
e.g. China leads the world with her silk products.
3.With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.
译：由于高额的税款，每年4月15日人们很不开心，因为这一天是上缴联邦税款的日子。
分析：With the high cost of taxes,介词短语作原因状语，with = because of,由于…,
when the federal taxes are due是非限定性定语从句，修饰on April 15。When 叫关系副词。
Where, when, why是定语从句中的三个关系副词，分别在定语从句中作地点状语、时间状语、原因状语。
a. This is the house where I was born.(where = in which)
b. I’ll never forget the day when I entered the college.(when = on which)
c. please tell me the reason why you are always late for my class.(why = for which)
另外，若定语从句和先行词之间用逗号分开称为非限定性定语从句。它对先行词只是进一步补充说明，删除后不会影响整个句子的基本语意，译成汉语时一般单独翻译。
4.Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government.(*)
译：有些洲有与联邦政府类似的个人所得税。
分析：代词that指an income tax, 英文中两个进行比较的事物必须是平等的，如在口语中我们可说“北京的天气比广州干燥”，但译为英语不能写成：The weather in Beijing is drier than Guangzhou.(x)城市不能和天气进行比较，要改为：The weather in Beijing is drier than that in Guangzhou.(√)
5.other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.(*)
译：其他洲征收销售税，对你在该洲所买的任何商品征收一定比例的税。
分析：包含有两个定语从句，which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state是非限定定语从句，修饰a sales tax。其中还含有另一个限定定语从句which you buy in that state修饰先行词any item. charged to表示“向…征收”charged 过去分词作定语修饰a percentage.
6.Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues.(*)
译：有些洲除了征收销售税，还征收个人所得税来增加税收。
短语：in addition to 除…还有…(+)
e.g. We need fat and protein in addition to vitamin in our diet.
raise their revenue:增加税收。
7.They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs.
译：他们经常抗议政府对他们交纳的税金使用不当。他们认为政府在一些没用或不切实际的项目上花钱太多。
短语：use sth in the wrong way,错误地使用…,
spend sth on sth在…花费，或spend sth in doing sth.
e.g. Mother says he spends too much time in watching TV every day.
8.Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.(*)
译：尽管美国人在许多问题上有不同的观点，但他们往往在这一点上达成共识：税收太高。
短语：have different views on sth对…有不同观点，tend to 通常， agree on sth同意某事，同意某人：agree with sb; 同意做某事：agree to do sth.
Ⅲ. Summary about the important phrases:
1.be sure of(1段2行); 2.have a corner on sth(1段2行); 3.lead with(1段4行); 4.consist of(2段1行); 5. depend on(3段3行); 6.that is(3段4行); 7.be similar to(4段3行); 8.in addition to(4段10行); 9.public works(5段4行); 10.municipal buildings(5段5行); 11.complain about(6段3行); 12.use sth in the wrong way(6段3-4行); 13.spend…on(6段4-5行); 14.tend on(6段6行); 15.agree on(6段6行)
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