一．我们要达到的目的
  1．词汇量的提高。即数量与质量的双提高。
  2．语法学习的进一步深入。
  语法的三个阶段性标志：初级――时态的灵活及正确运用  中级――非谓语动词、从句的运用  高级――介词的运用
  3．阅读能力的提高
  要学会用英语思维阅读，体会作者的意图。培养良好的阅读习惯，由逐词阅读向逐句逐段阅读转变。
  4．具备一定的翻译及写作能力
  二．我们要使用的方法
  1．充分利用课堂时间，充分利用远程软件，灵活掌握课堂节奏
  2．保证完成书本上的练习，同时大量做课外的练习。
  3．保持一定的阅读量
  4．重视学习的持续性
  5．正视老师的作用
  课文部分
  一．单词辨析
  1.goal:
   (1)目标；目的；目的地  
  His goal is a place at University. 他的目标是在大学任教。 
  (2)（足球等的）球门
  2.objective 目标、目的
  our objectives were won.
  3.accomplish:
  accomplish 常接 task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词, 有时兼有“达成(效果)”之意。
  如: The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks.
  与finish, complete 的区别：
  都含“完成”的意思。
  accomplish 通常接 task, aim, journey, voyage 等名词, 有时兼有“达成(效果)”之意, 如:
  The explorers accomplished the voyage in five weeks.
  探险队在五周内完成了航程。
  complete 比 accomplish 具体, 可接建筑、工程、书籍等名词, 指“按预期目的把未完成的工作经过进
  一步的努力使之完成”, 主要涵义是“补足缺少的部分”, 如:
  The building will be completed by the end of this month.
  这座楼于本月底建成。
  finish 在许多情况下可与 complete 换用, 但不及 complete 正式,常含有“认真仔细地完成工作的最后阶
  段的精工修饰, 使之完美”的意思。 如:
  I have finished the book.
  我已读完了这本书。
  3. accompany :
  (1)~+n.+to+n . 伴随、陪同
   The guide accompanied the foreign visitors to the airport. 
  (2) ~+n.+with+n. 与…同时发生或做出
  He accompanied his speech with gestures.
  4. precedent   
  The president followed historical precedent in forming the Cabinet.
  总统遵循历史惯例来组成内阁
  5.attain : 到达,经过不懈的努力或一段时间后达到
  The picture has attained to perfection.
  6.optimal ß> sub－optimiza-tion  构词法
  7.argue :(1) ~+with+sb+about/over+n.  与某人争辩/争论某事
  He is always arguing with her about the cases
  （2）~+for/against+n. 为赞成/反对…….而辩论
  They argue for an increase in salary.
   (3)~+某人+into/out of+doing+n. 说服某人做/不做某事
  I argued him out of doing such a foolish thing.
  派生词：argument  arguable
  近义词：debate dispute
  8.scheme: 计划行动的系统性计划
  8.profitability:  profit
  9.entity:
  The whole country is a single entity.
  10.alternative
  (1)形容词：二者选一的，选择性的 ~+n.
  There are alternative answers to the question.
  (2)名词 二者择一，变通方法
  You have the alternative of working hard or not.
  11.achieve
  （1）完成；实现
  The university has achieved all its goals this year.
  这个大学今年已经实现了所有的奋斗目标。
  (2)达到；获得
  He hopes to achieve all his aims soon.
  他希望尽快达到所有目标。
   12.fundamental:  be+~+to+n. 对…十分重要
  This is fundamental to the true understanding of this book.
  13.assume：
  （1）认为，假定
   He is not so foolish as you assume him to be
  (2) 承担，担任
  He assumes a leading position in that company.
  (3) 呈现…….的形式/面貌
   The factory assumes a new aspect.
  (4)假装
  He assumes a look of innocence.
  二．课文讲解：
  1.A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
  决策是从可供挑选的行动方向中做选择。
  “made from among alternative courses of action”过去分词做定语
  “that are available”定语从句
  “from among”为双介词，即一个介词修饰另一个介词或介词短语，from 较常用
  如：from behind the door  from above one’s glasses
  2. in the way  妨碍
  out of the way : Move out of my way!!
  3. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the  
  management process is decision making.一个管理者所做的所有事情几乎都离不开决策，甚至
  人提出管理就是决策。
  Does 确实，表强调
  Indeed 逗号中间的词，可先略过，与句子整体意思没什么关系，只是表示意思的递进。
  4.Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they  
  sider possible future events.虽然管理者不能预见未来，但是他们要做的很多决策需要他们考虑将 
  来可能发生的情况。
  这是个复合句，although引导让步状语从句，主句中的谓语require后跟一个宾语从句。
  Require后面的宾语从句需用“（should）+动词原型”的虚拟语气结构，该结构中的情态动词should可以 
  省去。另外，常用的demand, order, suggest, propose, ask, insist等也用此种形式，例如：We suggested he 
  (should) attend the meeting. He ordered Tom (should) go with me.
  5 .often managers must make a best guess at…….
  To make a guess at 猜测
  6……….,and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
  A broad range of 很宽的范围
  7.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, 
  precedents and the like. 对管理者来讲，每个决策都受政策、程序、法律、先例等的制约。
  “based on…”修饰”constraints” ，过去分词做定语
  “and the like” 类似的东西，等等。。。例如：He love music, painting and the like.
  8. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision.如果没有选择项，
  就没有选择，也就没有了决策。
  Therefore,因此，表递进，对句子整体意思并无影响。
  9. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion.
  “an either/or fashion”非此即彼的方式 注意前面的介词
  10.Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for
  them individually but that are les than optimal for the larger organization. 通常，一个机构内部
  的单位或部门做出的决策可能有利于本部门、本单位，但对比它们大的机构来说就不是最佳选择
  了。
  “within an organization”修饰“departments or units”,介词短语做定语
  “that are good for them individually”和” that are les than optimal for the larger organization”是两个定语从
  句，修饰 “decisions”
   11. These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain
  simultaneously. 之所以要进行权衡，是因为一个机构希望同时达到的目标很多。
  “because”引导一个原因状语从句，其中又有一个“that”引导的定语从句，修饰“objectives”
  12. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. 不同的经理对相同的问题的解
  说是不同的。
  “define”给……下定义。
  13. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problem,
  production managers see production problems, and so on. 把同样一种情况摆在他们面前，销售
  经理看的是销售问题，生产经理看的是生产问题，如此等等。
  “when presented with a common case”是由when+过去分词短语构成的时间状语，其主语they和be动词
  被省略。这种省略只有在从句的主语与主句的主语相同时才能出现，本句中从句的主语与主句的主
  语为”sales managers and production managers”
  例如： When asked about that matter, he just kept silent. (When he was asked about that matter, he just
  kept silent.)
  14. In many business situations different people’s values about acceptable degrees of risk and  
  profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decision. 很多商业活动中，不同的人对
  于风险和收益的可接受程度的价值观不一样，这就导致乐他们对决策正确与否的看法也不相同。
  这是一个简单句，“values cause disagreement”
  句子中有三个介词短语做定语
  15. point of view 观点